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1 PhD thesis
1) Общая лексика: докторская2) Образование: докторская диссертация -
2 work on one’s PhD thesis
Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > work on one’s PhD thesis
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3 defend a Phd thesis
Образование: защищать кандидатскую диссертацию -
4 PhD
PhD [‚pi:eɪtʃ'di:]( abbreviation Doctor of Philosophy) (person) = titulaire d'un doctorat de 3ème cycle; (qualification) = doctorat de 3ème cycle;∎ to have a PhD in Maths avoir un doctorat en maths►► PhD student étudiant(e) m,f inscrit(e) en doctorat;PhD thesis thèse f de doctorat -
5 PhD
[,pi: ei 'di:]( abbreviation) (Doctor of Philosophy; an advanced university degree: She has a PhD in chemistry/history.)* * *[ˌpi:eɪtʃˈdi:]she has a \PhD in physics sie ist promovierte Physikerinshe is a \PhD sie hat einen Doktortitel\PhD thesis Doktorarbeit f, Dissertation f* * *nDoktor m, Dr.to do one's PhD — seinen Doktor machen, promovieren
to get one's PhD — den Doktor bekommen
John Smith PhD — Dr. John Smith
* * *PhD [ˌpiːeıtʃˈdiː] s abk Philosophiae Doctor, Doctor of Philosophy:* * *n.Promotion (Universität) f. -
6 PhD
,pi: ei 'di:( abbreviation) (Doctor of Philosophy; an advanced university degree: She has a PhD in chemistry/history.) doctor; doctoradotr['piː'eɪʧ'diː]1 ( Doctor of Philosophy - person) doctor,-ra (en cualquier especialidad académica); (- degree) doctoradoJohn Smith, PhD — Dr. John Smith
1.N ABBR= Doctor of Philosophy (=qualification) doctorado m ; (=person) doctor(a) m / f en filosofíato have a PhD in... — tener un doctorado en...
See:see cultural note DEGREE in degree2.CPDPhD student N — estudiante mf de doctorado
PhD thesis N — tesis f inv doctoral
* * *John Smith, PhD — Dr. John Smith
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7 PhD
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8 thesis
noun, pl. theses1) (proposition) These, die* * *['Ɵi:sis]plural - theses; noun(a long written essay, report etc, often done for a university degree: a doctoral thesis; He is writing a thesis on the works of John Milton.) die Dissertation* * *the·sis<pl -ses>[ˈθi:səs, pl -si:z]n1. (written study) wissenschaftliche Arbeit; (for diploma) Diplomarbeit f; (for PhD) Doktorarbeit f, Dissertation fdoctoral \thesis Doktorarbeit f, Dissertation f* * *['ɵiːsɪs]n pl theses['ɵiːsiːz]1) (= argument) These f* * *thesis [ˈθiːsıs] pl -ses [-siːz] s1. These f:a) Behauptung fb) (Streit)Satz m, Postulat n2. Thema n (eines Aufsatzes etc)3. UNIV (on über akk)b) allg wissenschaftliche Arbeit4. [a. ˈθesıs] LITb) Senkung f, unbetonte Silbe* * *noun, pl. theses1) (proposition) These, die* * *n.(§ pl.: theses)= Abhandlung f.Dissertation f.Doktorarbeit f.These -n f. -
9 thesis
diplomamunka, diplomaterv, diploma* * *['Ɵi:sis]plural - theses; noun(a long written essay, report etc, often done for a university degree: a doctoral thesis; He is writing a thesis on the works of John Milton.) (doktori, PhD-) értekezés -
10 thesis
1) ( written study) wissenschaftliche Arbeit;doctoral \thesis Doktorarbeit f, Dissertation f -
11 thesis
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12 thesis
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13 subject
∎ on the subject of au sujet de, à propos de;∎ this will be the subject of my next lecture ma prochaine conférence portera sur ce sujet;∎ to wander from the subject s'écarter du sujet, faire une digression;∎ let's come or get back to the subject revenons à nos moutons;∎ don't try and change the subject n'essaie pas de changer de sujet ou de détourner la conversation;∎ let's drop the subject parlons d'autre chose;∎ while we're on the subject à (ce) propos;∎ while we're on the subject of holidays puisque nous parlons de vacances;∎ that's a touchy subject c'est un sujet délicat(b) (of legal case, contract) objet m;∎ (in letters and memos) subject: recruitment of new staff objet: recrutement de personnel∎ the subject of her film/novel le sujet de son film/roman;∎ he always photographs his subjects in natural light il photographie toujours ses sujets en lumière naturelle∎ she's taking exams in four subjects elle passe des examens dans quatre matières;∎ I was always better at science subjects j'ai toujours été plus fort en sciences;∎ it's not really my subject ce n'est pas vraiment mon domaine;∎ that would be a good subject for a PhD thesis ce serait un bon sujet pour une thèse de doctorat∎ she is a British subject c'est une ressortissante britannique;∎ foreign subjects ressortissants mpl étrangers∎ she'd be a good subject for the new treatment elle serait un bon sujet pour le nouveau traitement;∎ subjects were tested for their reactions on a testé la réaction des sujets∎ he was the subject of much comment il a été l'objet de nombreux commentaires(a) (subordinate → people, country) assujetti, soumis;∎ they are subject to my authority ils sont placés sous mon autorité, ils dépendent de moi;∎ we are all subject to the rule of law nous sommes tous soumis à la loi;∎ subject states États mpl dépendants(b) (liable, prone)∎ subject to sujet à;∎ he is subject to frequent lung infections il est sujet à de fréquentes infections pulmonaires;∎ subject to attack exposé à l'attaque;∎ to be subject to violent changes of mood/fits of jealousy être sujet à de brusques sautes d'humeur/des crises de jalousie;∎ the terms are subject to alteration without notice les termes peuvent être modifiés sans préavis;∎ subject to tax imposable, assujetti à l'impôt;∎ the price is subject to a handling charge les frais de manutention sont en sus;∎ all trains will be subject to delay des retards sont à prévoir sur toutes les lignes(a) (country, people) soumettre, assujettir∎ to subject to soumettre à;∎ to subject sb/sth to an examination faire subir un examen à qn/qch, soumettre qn/qch à un examen;∎ the material was subjected to intense heat le matériau a été soumis ou exposé à une température très élevée;∎ I refuse to subject anyone to such indignities je refuse de faire subir de tels affronts à qui que ce soit;∎ their plans were subjected to much criticism leurs projets ont fait l'objet de nombreuses critiques∎ these are the rules, subject to revision voici le règlement, sous réserve de modification;∎ subject to your passing the exam à condition de réussir ou à condition que vous réussissiez l'examen;∎ it's all subject to her approval tout est subordonné à son approbation►► subject catalogue fichier m par matières;subject index index m des matières; -
14 Clerke, Sir Clement
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]d. 1693[br]English entrepreneur responsible, with others, for attempts to introduce coal-fired smelting of lead and, later, of copper.[br]Clerke, from Launde Abbey in Leicestershire, was involved in early experiments to smelt lead using coal fuel, which was believed to have been located on the Leicestershire-Derbyshire border. Concurrently, Lord Grandison was financing experiments at Bristol for similar purposes, causing the downfall of an earlier unsuccessful patented method before securing his own patent in 1678. In that same year Clerke took over management of the Bristol works, claiming the ability to secure financial return from Grandison's methods. Financial success proved elusive, although the technical problems of adapting the reverberatory furnace to coal fuel appear to have been solved when Clerke was found to have established another lead works nearby on his own account. He was forced to cease work on lead in 1684 in respect of Grandison's patent rights. Clerke then turned to investigations into the coal-fired smelting of other metals and started to smelt copper in coal-fired reverberatory furnaces. By 1688–9 small supplied of merchantable copper were offered for sale in London in order to pay his workers, possibly because of further financial troubles. The practical success of his smelting innovation is widely acknowledged to have been the responsibility of John Coster and, to a smaller extent, Gabriel Wayne, both of whom left Clerke and set up separate works elsewhere. Clerke's son Talbot took over administration of his father's works, which declined still further and closed c. 1693, at about the time of Sir Clement's death. Both Coster and Wayne continued to develop smelting techniques, establishing a new British industry in the smelting of copper with coal.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated baronet 1661.Further ReadingRhys Jenkins, 1934, "The reverberatory furnace with coal fuel", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 34:67–81.—1943–4, "Copper smelting in England: Revival at the end of the seventeenth century", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24:78–80.J.Morton, 1985, The Rise of the Modern Copper and Brass Industry: 1690 to 1750, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, 87–106.JD -
15 Leblanc, Nicolas
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 6 December 1742 Ivey-le-Pré, Franced. 16 January 1806 Paris, France[br]French chemist, inventor of the Leblanc process for the manufacture of soda.[br]Orphaned at an early age, Leblanc was sent by his guardian, a doctor, to study medicine at the Ecole de Chirurgie in Paris. Around 1780 he entered the service of the Duke of Orléans as Surgeon. There he was able to pursue his interest in chemistry by carrying out research, particularly into crystallization; this bore fruit in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1786, published in 1812 as a separate work entitled Crystallotechnie. At that time there was much concern that supplies of natural soda were becoming insufficient to meet the increasing demands of various industries, textile above all. In 1775 the Academy offered a prize of 2,400 livres for a means of manufacturing soda from sea salt. Several chemists studied the problem, but the prize was never awarded. However, in 1789 Leblanc reported in the Journal de physique for 1789 that he had devised a process, and he applied to his patron for support. The Duke had the process subjected to tests, and when these proved favourable he, with Leblanc and the referee, formed a company in February 1790 to exploit it. A patent was granted in 1791 and, with the manufacture of a vital substance at low cost based on a raw material, salt in unlimited supply, a bright prospect seemed to open out for Leblanc. The salt was treated with sulphuric acid to form salt-cake (sodium sulphate), which was then rotated with coal and limestone to form a substance from which the soda was extracted with water followed by evaporation. Hydrochloric acid was a valuable by-product, from which could be made calcium chloride, widely used in the textile and paper industries. The factory worked until 1793, but did not achieve regular production, and then disaster struck: Leblanc's principal patron, the Duke of Orléans, perished under the guillotine in the reign of terror; the factory was sequestered by the Revolutionary government and the agreement was revoked. Leblanc laboured in vain to secure adequate compensation. Eventually a grant was made towards the cost of restoring the factory, but it was quite inadequate, and in despair, Leblanc shot himself. However, his process proved to be one of the greatest inventions in the chemical industry, and was taken up in other countries and remained the leading process for the production of soda for a century. In 1855 his family tried again to vindicate his name and achieve compensation, this time with success.[br]Further ReadingA.A.Leblanc, 1884, Nicolas Leblanc, sa vie, ses travaux et l'histoire de la soude artificielle, Paris (the standard biography, by his grandson).For more critical studies, see: C.C.Gillispie, 1957, "The discovery of the Leblanc process", Isis 48:152–70; J.G.Smith, 1970, "Studies in certain chemical industries in revolutionary and Napoleonic France", unpublished PhD thesis, Leeds University.LRD -
16 dissertation
disə'teiʃən(a long formal talk or piece of writing (for a university degree etc).) tesina, disertacióntr[dɪsə'teɪʃən]1 (formal discourse) disertación nombre femenino2 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL (for lower degree, master's) tesina; (for PhD) tesis nombre femenino (doctoral)dissertation [.dɪsər'teɪʃən] n1) discourse: disertación f, discurso m2) thesis: tesis fn.• disertación s.f.'dɪsər'teɪʃən, ˌdɪsə'teɪʃənnoun (in US: for PhD) tesis f (doctoral); (in UK: for lower degree) tesis f, tesina f[ˌdɪsǝ'teɪʃǝn]N disertación f ; (US) (Univ) tesis f inv ; (Brit) (Univ) tesina f* * *['dɪsər'teɪʃən, ˌdɪsə'teɪʃən]noun (in US: for PhD) tesis f (doctoral); (in UK: for lower degree) tesis f, tesina f -
17 supervisor
nounoffice supervisor — Bürovorsteher, der/-vorsteherin, die
* * ** * *super·vi·sor[ˈsu:pəvaɪzəʳ, AM -ɚvaɪzɚ]n1. (person in charge) Aufsichtsbeamte(r), -beamtin m, f; (in shop) Abteilungsleiter(in) m(f); (in factory) Vorarbeiter(in) m(f); SCH Betreuungslehrer(in) m(f); UNIV Betreuer(in) m(f); (for doctoral candidates) Doktorvater m; BRIT Tutor(in) m(f)2. AM POL leitender Verwaltungsbeamter/leitende Verwaltungsbeamtin* * *['suːpəvaɪzə(r)]n(of work) Aufseher(in) m(f), Aufsicht f; (of research) Leiter(in) m(f); (Brit UNIV) ≈ Tutor(in) m(f); (for PhD) Doktorvater m/-mutter f* * *supervisor [-vaızə(r)] s1. a) Aufseher(in), Kontrolleur(in), Aufsichtsbeamte(r) m, -beamtin f, Aufsichtführende(r) m/f(m)3. SCHULE Fachbeauftragte(r) m/f(m) einer Schulbehörde4. UNIV Doktorvater m* * *nounAufseher, der/Aufseherin, die; (for Ph.D. thesis) Doktorvater, deroffice supervisor — Bürovorsteher, der/-vorsteherin, die
* * *n.Aufpasser m.Aufseher - m.Aufsicht -en f.Dienstvorgesetzte m.,f.Doktorvater m.Kontrolleur m.Überwacher m. -
18 De Forest, Lee
SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Photography, film and optics, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 26 August 1873 Council Bluffs, Iowa, USAd. 30 June 1961 Hollywood, California, USA[br]American electrical engineer and inventor principally known for his invention of the Audion, or triode, vacuum tube; also a pioneer of sound in the cinema.[br]De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1922. President, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers 1930. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1946.Bibliography1904, "Electrolytic detectors", Electrician 54:94 (describes the electrolytic detector). 1907, US patent no. 841,387 (the Audion).1950, Father of Radio, Chicago: WIlcox \& Follett (autobiography).De Forest gave his own account of the development of his sound-on-film system in a series of articles: 1923. "The Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 16 (May): 61–75; 1924. "Phonofilm progress", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 20:17–19; 1927, "Recent developments in the Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 27:64–76; 1941, "Pioneering in talking pictures", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 36 (January): 41–9.Further ReadingG.Carneal, 1930, A Conqueror of Space (biography).I.Levine, 1964, Electronics Pioneer, Lee De Forest (biography).E.I.Sponable, 1947, "Historical development of sound films", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 48 (April): 275–303 (an authoritative account of De Forest's sound-film work, by Case's assistant).W.R.McLaurin, 1949, Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry.C.F.Booth, 1955, "Fleming and De Forest. An appreciation", in Thermionic Valves 1904– 1954, IEE.V.J.Phillips, 1980, Early Radio Detectors, London: Peter Peregrinus.KF / JW -
19 Shannon, Claude Elwood
[br]b. 30 April 1916 Gaylord, Michigan, USA[br]American mathematician, creator of information theory.[br]As a child, Shannon tinkered with radio kits and enjoyed solving puzzles, particularly crypto-graphic ones. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1936 with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics and electrical engineering, and earned his Master's degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1937. His thesis on applying Boolean algebra to switching circuits has since been acclaimed as possibly the most significant this century. Shannon earned his PhD in mathematics from MIT in 1940 with a dissertation on the mathematics of genetic transmission.Shannon spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, then in 1941 joined Bell Telephone Laboratories, where he began studying the relative efficiency of alternative transmission systems. Work on digital encryption systems during the Second World War led him to think that just as ciphers hide information from the enemy, "encoding" information could also protect it from noise. About 1948, he decided that the amount of information was best expressed quantitatively in a two-value number system, using only the digits 0 and 1. John Tukey, a Princeton colleague, named these units "binary digits" (or, for short, "bits"). Almost all digital computers and communications systems use such on-off, or two-state logic as their basis of operation.Also in the 1940s, building on the work of H. Nyquist and R.V.L. Hartley, Shannon proved that there was an upper limit to the amount of information that could be transmitted through a communications channel in a unit of time, which could be approached but never reached because real transmissions are subject to interference (noise). This was the beginning of information theory, which has been used by others in attempts to quantify many sciences and technologies, as well as subjects in the humanities, but with mixed results. Before 1970, when integrated circuits were developed, Shannon's theory was not the preferred circuit-and-transmission design tool it has since become.Shannon was also a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, claiming that computing machines could be used to manipulate symbols as well as do calculations. His 1953 paper on computers and automata proposed that digital computers were capable of tasks then thought exclusively the province of living organisms. In 1956 he left Bell Laboratories to join the MIT faculty as Professor of Communications Science.On the lighter side, Shannon has built many devices that play games, and in particular has made a scientific study of juggling.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNational Medal of Science. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honor, Kyoto Prize.BibliographyHis seminal paper (on what has subsequently become known as information theory) was entitled "The mathematical theory of communications", first published in Bell System Technical Journal in 1948; it is also available in a monograph (written with Warren Weaver) published by the University of Illinois Press in 1949, and in Key Papers in the Development of Information Theory, ed. David Slepian, IEEE Press, 1974, 1988. For readers who want all of Shannon's works, see N.J.A.Sloane and A.D.Wyner, 1992, TheCollected Papers of Claude E.Shannon.HO
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pl См. также в других словарях:
PhD — [[t]pi͟ː eɪtʃ di͟ː[/t]] PhDs also Ph.D. 1) N COUNT A PhD is a degree awarded to people who have done advanced research into a particular subject. PhD is an abbreviation for Doctor of Philosophy . He is more highly educated, with a PhD in… … English dictionary
Thesis (representative body) — Thesis is an interdisciplinary German network of young scientists, current and former PhD students in or with some relation to Germany. Thesis is a founding member of the European network of PhD students Eurodoc.ee also*Associação dos Bolseiros… … Wikipedia
Thesis — This article is about thesis in the academic sense. For the American novel, see The Dissertation. For other uses, see Thesis (disambiguation). University of Olomouc thesis from 1713 with motif of Ottoman Wars A dissertation or thesis … Wikipedia
thesis — noun 1 part of a university/college degree ADJECTIVE ▪ doctoral, honors (AmE), MA, Master s, MSc, PhD, senior (AmE), etc. ▪ re … Collocations dictionary
PhD — noun a doctorate usually based on at least 3 years graduate study and a dissertation; the highest degree awarded graduate study • Syn: ↑Ph.D. • Hypernyms: ↑Doctor of Philosophy * * * abbr. Doctor of Philosophy Origin: from Latin philosophiae… … Useful english dictionary
thesis — [[t]θi͟ːsiːz[/t]] theses 1) N COUNT A thesis is an idea or theory that is expressed as a statement and is discussed in a logical way. This thesis does not stand up to close inspection. ...proponents of the thesis that computers can be programmed… … English dictionary
thesis — the|sis [ˈθi:sıs] n plural theses [ si:z] [Date: 1300 1400; : Latin; Origin: Greek, act of laying down , from tithenai to put, lay down ] 1.) a long piece of writing about a particular subject that you do as part of an advanced university degree… … Dictionary of contemporary English
thesis — noun plural theses, (C) 1 a long piece of writing about a particular subject that you do as part of an advanced university degree such as an MA or a PhD: Writing a thesis on dance clubs is not as strange as it seems. 2 formal an idea or theory… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
PhD — noun PhD is used before these nouns: ↑candidate, ↑degree, ↑dissertation, ↑student, ↑thesis … Collocations dictionary
Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program — The Tri Institutional MD PhD, or Tri I, program is an innovative biomedical partnership between the Weill Cornell Medical College (WMC), The Rockefeller University(RU) and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC). [Paul Smaglik. [http://www … Wikipedia
History of the Church-Turing thesis — This article is an extension of the history of the Church Turing thesis.The debate and discovery of the meaning of computation and recursion has been long and contentious. This article provides detail of that debate and discovery from Peano s… … Wikipedia
